Attributes {
 s {
  station {
    String cf_role "timeseries_id";
    String comment "Palmer LTER sampling station";
    String ioos_category "Identifier";
    String long_name "Sampling Station";
  }
  time {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Time";
    Float64 actual_range 1.3220928e+9, 1.5220224e+9;
    String axis "T";
    String calendar "proleptic_gregorian";
    String comment "Date and time of the sample";
    String ioos_category "Time";
    String long_name "Sample Date";
    String lter_mscale "dateTime";
    String standard_name "time";
    String time_origin "01-JAN-1970 00:00:00";
    String units "seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z";
  }
  latitude {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Lat";
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -64.815, -64.7738;
    String axis "Y";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 90.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -90.0;
    String comment "Latitude (degrees South) from CTD bottle trip record";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Latitude";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "º";
    String lter_units_string "degree";
    String standard_name "latitude";
    String units "degrees_north";
    String units_conventions "EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER";
  }
  longitude {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Lon";
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -64.0725, -64.0405;
    String axis "X";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 180.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -180.0;
    String comment "Longitude (degrees West) from CTD bottle trip record";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Longitude";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "º";
    String lter_units_string "degree";
    String standard_name "longitude";
    String units "degrees_east";
    String units_conventions "EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER";
  }
  depth {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Height";
    String _CoordinateZisPositive "down";
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 0.0, 10.0;
    String axis "Z";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 8000.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -8000.0;
    String colorBarPalette "TopographyDepth";
    String comment "Depth of sample collection";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Depth";
    String lter_units "m";
    String lter_units_string "meter";
    String positive "down";
    String standard_name "depth";
    String units "m";
    String units_conventions "AND-LTER,BNZ-LTER,CDR-LTER,EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER,LUQ-LTER,SGS-LTER";
  }
  temperature {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -1.7547, 2.8855;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 32.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    String comment "Water temperature from CTD";
    String ioos_category "Temperature";
    String long_name "Temperature";
    String lter_units "C";
    String lter_units_string "celsius";
    String standard_name "sea_water_temperature";
    String units "degree_C";
    String units_conventions "AND-LTER,BNZ-LTER,EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER,LUQ-LTER,SGS-LTER";
  }
  salinity {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 31.936, 34.207;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 37.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 32.0;
    String comment "Calculated salinity from CTD";
    String ioos_category "Salinity";
    String long_name "Practical Salinity";
    String lter_units "PSU";
    String lter_units_string "practicalSalinityUnit";
    String standard_name "sea_water_practical_salinity";
    String units "1";
    String units_conventions "MCM-LTER,PAL-LTER";
  }
  mld {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 1.0, 90.0;
    String comment "Depth of the mixed layer calculated using maximum buoyancy as per Carvalho et al 2016.";
    String ioos_category "Physical Oceanography";
    String long_name "Mixed Layer Depth";
    String units "m";
  }
  o18 {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -1.074380936432517, -0.1283467377767913;
    String comment "Ratio of stable isotopes of oxygen in seawater";
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
    String long_name "Oxygen Isotopes Ratio";
    String standard_name "isotope_ratio_of_18o_to_16o_in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids";
    String units "ppt";
  }
  o18_duplicate {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -1.0589649684624307, -0.234282852626587;
    String comment "Ratio of stable isotopes of oxygen in seawater. Duplicate sample";
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
    String long_name "Oxygen Isotopes Ratio";
    String standard_name "isotope_ratio_of_18o_to_16o_in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids";
    String units "ppt";
  }
  event {
    Int16 _FillValue 32767;
    Int16 actual_range 1, 380;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    String comment "Sampling event number";
    String ioos_category "Statistics";
    String long_name "Event Number";
  }
 }
  NC_GLOBAL {
    String _NCProperties "version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6";
    String acknowledgement "Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation";
    String cdm_data_type "TimeSeries";
    String cdm_timeseries_variables "station,latitude,longitude";
    String comment "The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes.  A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station. Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels.  In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training,  education and outreach are an integral part of the program.";
    String contributor_name "Mike Meredith";
    String contributor_role "principalInvestigator";
    String contributor_role_vocabulary "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/";
    String Conventions "CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS";
    String creator_country "USA";
    String creator_email "kerfoot@marine.rutgers.edu";
    String creator_institution "Rutgers University";
    String creator_name "John Kerfoot";
    String creator_sector "academic";
    String creator_type "person";
    String creator_url "https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu";
    String datazoo_datatable_label "Stable isotope composition (d18O) of seawater (Palmer Basin)";
    String date_created "2021-03-12T02:38:12Z";
    String date_issued "2021-03-12T02:38:12Z";
    String defaultDataQuery "event%2Cstation%2Cdepth%2Ctemperature%2Csalinity%2Cmld%2Co18%2Co18_duplicate%2Ctime%2Clatitude%2Clongitude&orderBy(%22time%22)";
    String defaultGraphQuery "longitude%2Clatitude%2C&.draw=markers&.marker=7%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff";
    Float64 Easternmost_Easting -64.0405;
    String featureType "TimeSeries";
    String geospatial_bounds_crs "EPSG:4326";
    String geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs "EPSG:5831";
    Float64 geospatial_lat_max -64.7738;
    Float64 geospatial_lat_min -64.815;
    String geospatial_lat_resolution "0.00001 degree";
    String geospatial_lat_units "degrees_north";
    Float64 geospatial_lon_max -64.0405;
    Float64 geospatial_lon_min -64.0725;
    String geospatial_lon_resolution "0.00001 degree";
    String geospatial_lon_units "degrees_east";
    Float64 geospatial_vertical_max 10.0;
    Float64 geospatial_vertical_min 0.0;
    String geospatial_vertical_positive "down";
    String geospatial_vertical_units "m";
    String history "/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/xlsx/meredith/Stable Isotope composition (dO18) of seawater (Palmer).xls
2025-05-04T22:05:12Z (local files)
2025-05-04T22:05:12Z http://pallter-data.marine.rutgers.edu/erddap/tabledap/dO18StableIsotopesPalmerBasin.das";
    String infoUrl "https://pal.lternet.edu/";
    String institution "National Science Foundation";
    String instrument_vocabulary "NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.5";
    String keywords "16o, 18o, antarctic, basinalong, climate, composition, content, d18o, data, date, density, depth, determined, deviation, earth, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature, Earth Science > Oceans > Salinity/Density > Salinity, event, excluding, freshwater, identifier, index, isotope, isotope_ratio_of_18o_to_16o_in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids, isotopes, jcli, journal, latitude, layer, longitude, lter, mixed, mld, number, o18, o18_duplicate, ocean, oceanic, oceanography, oceans, oxygen, pal, pal-lter, palmer, peninsula, physical, physical oceanography, practical, ratio, region, rutgers, salinity, sample, sampling, science, sea, sea_water_practical_salinity, sea_water_temperature, seawater, solids, solutes, sources, stable, standard, station, statistics, study, temperature, time, university, water, western";
    String keywords_vocabulary "GCMD Science Keywords";
    String license "All data contained herein is licensed under the LTER Network Data Access Policy (https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/). In accordance with scientific publishing conventions and professional etiquette, the consumer of these data (the \"Data User\") is expected to appropriately cite these data in any publication that results from their use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur and should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the data authors. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available \"as is.\" The Data User should be aware that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data.";
    String license_link "https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/";
    String methods "Stable oxygen isotope composition of seawater: PAL-LTER samples were drawn into 50-ml glass vials, which were sealed with stoppers and aluminum crimps to prevent evaporation. The d18O samples were then transported to the United Kingdom via dark cool stow (4 degC), where they were analyzed at the Natural Environment Research Council Isotope Geosciences Laboratory (NIGL) at the British Geological Survey. The method of analysis is the equilibrium method for oxygen (Epstein and Mayeda 1953), with samples run on a VG Isoprep 18 and SIRA 10 mass spectrometer. Random duplicates were analyzed to establish precision, with an average better than +/- 0.02%.";
    String naming_authority "edu.rutgers.rucool";
    Float64 Northernmost_Northing -64.7738;
    String platform_vocabulary "NASA/GCMD Platforms Keywords Version 8.5";
    String product_version "1.0";
    String program "LTER";
    String project "Palmer LTER";
    String publisher_country "USA";
    String publisher_email "kerfoot@marine.rutgers.edu";
    String publisher_institution "Rutgers University";
    String publisher_name "John Kerfoot";
    String publisher_type "person";
    String publisher_url "https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu";
    String references "https://pal.lternet.edu/";
    String sea_name "Southern Ocean";
    String source "/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/xlsx/meredith/Stable Isotope composition (dO18) of seawater (Palmer).xls";
    String sourceUrl "(local files)";
    Float64 Southernmost_Northing -64.815;
    String standard_name_vocabulary "CF Standard Name Table v77";
    String subsetVariables "station,latitude,longitude";
    String summary "Dataset contains measurements of the ratio of stable isotopes of oxygen in seawater taken in the Palmer Basin at stations B, E and the Palmer station seawater intake. The oceanic distribution of d18O is determined largely by the same processes that control salinity. Surface d18O reflects the magnitude and spatial distribution of freshwater inputs, and it is a conservative tracer in the ocean interior. The great benefit of d18O is obtained from the circumstances under which it exhibits behavior different to that of salinity. One such circumstance derives from the salinity and d18O values in precipitation, with salinity being constant with latitude (typically zero), while in general d18O in precipitation becomes progressively isotopically lighter toward the poles. This results in glacial ice (which derives from high-latitude precipitation) being very isotopically light, enabling d18O to be a useful tracer of glacial discharge to the ocean (e.g., Schlosser et al. 1990; Weiss et al. 1979). Another difference occurs in regions influenced by sea ice, which greatly affects salinity during its formation/melt cycle but has only minimal impact on d18O. This decoupling of the two tracers allows them to be used in tandem to quantitatively separate freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and those from meteoric sources (precipitation plus glacial discharge). For this, a simple three-endmember mass balance can be used. For details please see Meredith, M. P., H. J. Venables, A. Clarke, H. W. Ducklow, M. Erickson, M. J. Leng, J. T. M. Lenaerts, and M. R. van den Broeke. 2013. The freshwater system west of the Antarctic Peninsula: Spatial and temporal changes. Journal of Climate 26:1669-1684.";
    String time_coverage_end "2018-03-26T00:00:00Z";
    String time_coverage_start "2011-11-24T00:00:00Z";
    String title "Sources of oceanic freshwater content in the Palmer Basin along the western Antarctic Peninsula (PAL-LTER Study Region) determined by the stable isotope composition (d18O) of seawater.";
    Float64 Westernmost_Easting -64.0725;
  }
}