Attributes {
 s {
  study_name {
    String column_name "studyName";
    String comment "Cruise name";
    String ioos_category "Identifier";
    String long_name "Study";
  }
  time {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Time";
    Float64 actual_range 7.267803e+8, 1.51731168e+9;
    String axis "T";
    String calendar "proleptic_gregorian";
    Float64 column_id -1;
    String column_name "time";
    String comemnt "date and time";
    String ioos_category "Time";
    String long_name "Date/Time";
    String lter_column_description "Day of the month and time recorded as DDHHMM";
    String standard_name "time";
    String time_origin "01-JAN-1970 00:00:00";
    String units "seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z";
  }
  event {
    Int16 _FillValue -32767;
    Int16 actual_range 3, 1353;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    Float64 column_id 1396;
    String column_name "col_1396";
    String ioos_category "Statistics";
    String lter_column_description "Sequential index of research-related cruise activities";
    String lter_column_name "Event Number";
    String lter_mscale "interval";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units_string "number";
    String units_conventions "EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER";
  }
  cruise_name {
    Int16 actual_range 1, 9901;
    String cf_role "trajectory_id";
    Float64 column_id 1397;
    String column_name "col_1397";
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
    String lter_column_description "Nominal cruise designation";
    String lter_column_name "Cruise Name";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  grid_station {
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
  }
  latitude {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Lat";
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -70.09166666666667, -63.59215000000001;
    String axis "Y";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 90.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -90.0;
    Float64 column_id 1403;
    String column_name "col_1403";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Latitude";
    String lter_column_description "Latitude of sampling / collection recorded as DDMM.MMM";
    String lter_column_name "Latitude";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "º";
    String lter_units_string "degree";
    String standard_name "latitude";
    String units "degrees_north";
    String units_conventions "EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER";
  }
  longitude {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Lon";
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range -78.20545, -62.12488333333334;
    String axis "X";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 180.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -180.0;
    Float64 column_id 1404;
    String column_name "col_1404";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Longitude";
    String lter_column_description "Longitude of sampling / observation recorded as DDMM.MMM";
    String lter_column_name "Longitude";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "º";
    String lter_units_string "degree";
    String standard_name "longitude";
    String units "degrees_east";
    String units_conventions "EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER";
  }
  depth {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Height";
    String _CoordinateZisPositive "down";
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 0.0, 10000.0;
    String axis "Z";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 8000.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -8000.0;
    String colorBarPalette "TopographyDepth";
    Float64 column_id 1402;
    String column_name "col_1402";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Depth";
    String lter_column_description "measurement or sample collection distance from water column surface";
    String lter_column_name "Depth";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "m";
    String lter_units_string "meter";
    String positive "down";
    String standard_name "depth";
    String units "m";
    String units_conventions "AND-LTER,BNZ-LTER,CDR-LTER,EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER,LUQ-LTER,SGS-LTER";
  }
  salinity {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 0.0, 99.502;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 37.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 32.0;
    Float64 column_id 1406;
    String column_name "col_1406";
    String ioos_category "Salinity";
    String lter_column_description "salinity, PSS-78";
    String lter_column_name "Salinity";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "PSU";
    String lter_units_string "practicalSalinityUnit";
    String standard_name "sea_water_practical_salinity";
    String units "1";
    String units_conventions "MCM-LTER,PAL-LTER";
  }
  chlorophyll_a {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 0.0, 45.68;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 30.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.03;
    String colorBarScale "Log";
    Float64 column_id 1407;
    String column_name "col_1407";
    String ioos_category "Ocean Color";
    String lter_column_description "fluorescence";
    String lter_column_name "Fluorometry";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units "mg/m³";
    String lter_units_string "milligramPerMeterCubed";
    String standard_name "mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_a_in_sea_water";
    String units "mg m-3";
    String units_conventions "EML-LTER";
  }
  sea_state {
    Byte _FillValue -127;
    String _Unsigned "false";
    Byte actual_range 0, 9;
    Float64 column_id 1405;
    String column_name "col_1405";
    String ioos_category "Wind";
    String lter_column_description "Beaufort scale sea state";
    String lter_column_name "Sea State";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  wind_speed {
    Float64 _FillValue 9.969209968386869e+36;
    Float64 actual_range 0.0, 142.0;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 15.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    Float64 column_id 1408;
    String column_name "col_1408";
    String ioos_category "Wind";
    String lter_column_description "Wind speed";
    String lter_column_name "Wind Speed";
    String lter_mscale "ratio";
    String lter_num_type "real";
    String lter_units_string "knot";
    String standard_name "wind_speed";
    String units "m s-1";
    String units_conventions "EML-LTER";
  }
  wind_direction {
    Int16 _FillValue -32767;
    Int16 actual_range 0, 360;
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 360.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    Float64 column_id 1409;
    String column_name "col_1409";
    String ioos_category "Wind";
    String lter_column_description "WMO defined wind direction";
    String lter_column_name "Wind Direction";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
    String standard_name "wind_to_direction";
  }
  ice_cover {
    Float64 _FillValue -127.0;
    Float64 actual_range 0.0, 8.0;
    Float64 column_id 1411;
    String column_name "col_1411";
    String ioos_category "Ice Distribution";
    String lter_column_description "PAL LTER ice cover";
    String lter_column_name "Ice Cover";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
    Float64 missing_value NaN;
  }
  ice_type {
    Float64 _FillValue 9223372036854775807;
    Float64 actual_range 0, 4;
    Float64 column_id 1412;
    String column_name "col_1412";
    String ioos_category "Ice Distribution";
    String lter_column_description "PAL LTER ice type";
    String lter_column_name "Ice Type";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  ice_color {
    Float64 _FillValue 9223372036854775807;
    Float64 actual_range 0, 3;
    Float64 column_id 1413;
    String column_name "col_1413";
    String ioos_category "Ice Distribution";
    String lter_column_description "PAL LTER ice color";
    String lter_column_name "Ice Color";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  habitat {
    Float64 _FillValue 9223372036854775807;
    Float64 actual_range 0, 4;
    Float64 column_id 1410;
    String column_name "col_1410";
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
    String lter_column_description "PAL LTER habitat";
    String lter_column_name "Habitat";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  species_code {
    Float64 column_id 1415;
    String column_name "col_1415";
    String ioos_category "Taxonomy";
    String lter_column_description "Species of organism code";
    String lter_column_name "Species";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  number {
    String _Unsigned "false";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    String comment "From the set of non-negative integers {0,1,2,...}, the number of items.";
    String ioos_category "Statistics";
  }
  linkages {
    String _Unsigned "false";
    String comment "From the set of non-negative integers {0,1,2,...}, the number of items.";
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
  }
  organism_behavior {
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
    Float64 missing_value 999.0;
  }
  direction {
    Float64 column_id 1419;
    String column_name "col_1419";
    String ioos_category "Currents";
    String lter_column_description "orientation based on compass points";
    String lter_column_name "Direction";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  notes {
    Float64 column_id 1420;
    String column_name "col_1420";
    String ioos_category "Unknown";
    String lter_column_description "text field to describe a log entry (ex. event log)";
    String lter_column_name "Notes";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
  }
  yymm {
    Float64 actual_range 1.0, 9902.0;
    Float64 column_id 1398;
    String column_name "col_1398";
    String ioos_category "Time";
    String long_name "YYMM";
    String lter_column_description "Year / Month 4 digit representation as YYMM (UTC)";
    String lter_column_name "Year / Month";
    String lter_mscale "dateTime";
    String time_origin "01-JAN-1970 00:00:00";
    String units "seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z";
  }
  ddhhmm {
    Float64 actual_range 2813.59, 2.6233321e+7;
    Float64 column_id 4668;
    String column_name "col_4668";
    String ioos_category "Time";
    String long_name "DDHHMM";
    String lter_column_description "Day of the month and time recorded as DDHHMM";
    String lter_column_name "Day / Time";
    String lter_mscale "nominal";
    String standard_name "time";
    String time_origin "01-JAN-1970 00:00:00";
    String units "seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z";
  }
  elapsed_minutes {
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 100.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum 0.0;
    String ioos_category "Statistics";
  }
 }
  NC_GLOBAL {
    String _NCProperties "version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6";
    String acknowledgement "Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation";
    String cdm_data_type "Trajectory";
    String cdm_trajectory_variables "cruise_name";
    String comment "The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes.  A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station. \\n\\nPalmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels.  In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training,  education and outreach are an integral part of the program.";
    String contributor_email "bfraser@3rivers.net";
    String contributor_name "William Fraser";
    String contributor_role "PrincipalInvestigator";
    String contributor_role_vocabulary "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/";
    String Conventions "CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS";
    String creator_country "USA";
    String creator_email "kerfoot@marine.rutgers.edu";
    String creator_institution "Rutgers University";
    String creator_name "John Kerfoot";
    String creator_sector "academic";
    String creator_type "person";
    String creator_url "https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu";
    String datazoo_dataset_id "95";
    String datazoo_datatable_id "95";
    String datazoo_datatable_label "Bird Census Stationary - Summer";
    String datazoo_datatable_name "BirdCensusStationarySummer";
    String date_created "2022-03-23T02:25:24Z";
    String date_issued "2022-03-23T02:25:24Z";
    String defaultDataQuery "null";
    String defaultGraphQuery "longitude,latitude,time&longitude%3E=-86.7&longitude%3C=-53.1&latitude%3E=-83.8&latitude%3C=-50.2&.draw=markers&.marker=7%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff";
    String doi "https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/daa3753c4d20470b0ff1a0caa9dc19e2";
    Float64 Easternmost_Easting -62.12488333333334;
    String featureType "Trajectory";
    String geospatial_bounds_crs "EPSG:4326";
    String geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs "EPSG:5831";
    Float64 geospatial_lat_max -63.59215000000001;
    Float64 geospatial_lat_min -70.09166666666667;
    String geospatial_lat_resolution "0.00001 degree";
    String geospatial_lat_units "degrees_north";
    Float64 geospatial_lon_max -62.12488333333334;
    Float64 geospatial_lon_min -78.20545;
    String geospatial_lon_resolution "0.00001 degree";
    String geospatial_lon_units "degrees_east";
    Float64 geospatial_vertical_max 10000.0;
    Float64 geospatial_vertical_min 0.0;
    String geospatial_vertical_positive "down";
    String geospatial_vertical_units "m";
    String history "local files
2025-05-04T17:58:11Z (local files)
2025-05-04T17:58:11Z http://pallter-data.marine.rutgers.edu/erddap/tabledap/BirdCensusStationarySummer.das";
    String infoUrl "https://pal.lternet.edu/";
    String institution "National Science Foundation";
    String keywords "birds, habitats, mammals, marine, Population Studies, populations, taxonomy";
    String keywords_vocabulary "LTER Core Areas,LTER Controlled Vocabulary";
    String license "All data contained herein is licensed under the LTER Network Data Access Policy (https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/). In accordance with scientific publishing conventions and professional etiquette, the consumer of these data (the \"Data User\") is expected to appropriately cite these data in any publication that results from their use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur and should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the data authors. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available \"as is.\" The Data User should be aware that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data.";
    String license_link "https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/";
    String methods "Frequency: Stationary censuses, twice at each station";
    String naming_authority "edu.rutgers.rucool";
    Float64 Northernmost_Northing -63.59215000000001;
    String product_version "1.0";
    String program "LTER";
    String project "Palmer LTER";
    String publisher_country "USA";
    String publisher_email "kerfoot@marine.rutgers.edu";
    String publisher_institution "Rutgers University";
    String publisher_name "John Kerfoot";
    String publisher_type "person";
    String publisher_url "https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu";
    String references "https://pal.lternet.edu/";
    String sea_name "Southern Ocean";
    String source "/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_95/dat_95_PD97-01.tsv";
    String sourceUrl "(local files)";
    Float64 Southernmost_Northing -70.09166666666667;
    String standard_name_vocabulary "CF Standard Name Table v77";
    String subsetVariables "study_name,cruise_name";
    String summary "At-sea seabird censuses. Data on the species encountered (including marine mammals), their abundance, distribution and behavior. Data collected aboard cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Penninsula, 1993 - 2018. The objectives of the LTER seabird component during the 92-93 season cruises were similar.  These objectives included 1) determining the  pelagic abundance and distribution of Adelie Penguins, 2) examining  how the physical and biological characteristics of the marine  environment influence these parameters and, 3) using these data to  identify foraging areas that may be important to Adelie populations  being studied as part of land-based  work at Palmer Station.   Secondary objectives included documenting the abundance and  distribution of other seabirds and marine mammals within the LTER  study area.  The focus of the January cruise was the nearshore foraging habitat, which required sampling at smaller scales.  All seabird censuses  were thus conducted within approximately 100 kms of Palmer Station  while traversing a sampling grid with stations at 10km intervals.   The first two days (18-20 January) of this cruise were spent covering  the selected grid as rapidly as possible resulting in 45 transects  spaced at 45-60 minute intervals.  There were no stops at the 10km  stations during this Fast Grid phase.  Upon completion of the Fast Grid,  a force 12 gale suspended data collection for 24 hours.  From  January 22-25 the grid direction was reversed and the grid repeated.   During this Slow Grid phase, 2-M net tows were done at 10km intervals  and BOPS and 1-M and 2-M net tows every 20 km.  All seabird censuses during the cruise were done using the procedures outlined in the previous paragraph.\\n\\nSeventy-two 30-minute transects and 15 station censuses were completed during the January cruise.  Athough seabirds were widely  distributed  throughout the  study  area,  the highest  densities and  greatest  biomass occurred consistently within 2-5 km of Anvers Island and  several major  island  groups to the south and \\nwest  near  the  Antarctic Peninsula.   Adelie Penguins were the  dominant component of  this seabird  assemblage  in  terms of  both   abundance  and  biomass.  South Polar Skuas ranked second and Black-browed Albatross third, with the latter becoming the dominant assemblage member at distances greater than 10km from land.  Although  \\nSouth Polar Skuas had been expected to occur in more pelagic  habitats, few were censused at distances greater than 10km from land.   The presence  of  both  skuas  and penguins  so close  to  land  was unexpected.  The  most  important  variable accounting for  variation  in  the distribution  and  abundance  of  seabirds  appeared  to  \\nbe  the location  of  the 200m contour, which throughout the  study  area occurred 2-5km from the adjoining land masses.  Approximately 65% of the seabirds censused during this cruise (85% of the  biomass) occurred  in  association with this contour.";
    String time_coverage_end "2018-01-30T11:28:00Z";
    String time_coverage_start "1993-01-11T19:25:00Z";
    String title "At-sea seabird censuses. Data on the species encountered (including marine mammals), their abundance, distribution and behavior. Data collected aboard cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Penninsula, 1993, 2018.";
    Float64 Westernmost_Easting -78.20545;
  }
}