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Row Type Variable Name Attribute Name Data Type Value
attribute NC_GLOBAL _NCProperties String version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6
attribute NC_GLOBAL acknowledgement String Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation
attribute NC_GLOBAL cdm_data_type String Other
attribute NC_GLOBAL comment String The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes.  A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station. \\n\\nPalmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels.  In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training,  education and outreach are an integral part of the program.
attribute NC_GLOBAL contributor_email String bfraser at 3rivers.net
attribute NC_GLOBAL contributor_name String William Fraser
attribute NC_GLOBAL contributor_role String PrincipalInvestigator
attribute NC_GLOBAL contributor_role_vocabulary String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL Conventions String CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_country String USA
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_email String kerfoot at marine.rutgers.edu
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_institution String Rutgers University
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_name String John Kerfoot
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_sector String academic
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_type String person
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_url String https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL datazoo_dataet_id String 88
attribute NC_GLOBAL datazoo_datatable_id String 88
attribute NC_GLOBAL datazoo_datatable_label String Adelie Penguin Chick Counts
attribute NC_GLOBAL datazoo_datatable_name String AdeliePenguinAdultandChickCounts
attribute NC_GLOBAL date_created String 2021-06-01T19:43:50Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL date_issued String 2021-06-01T19:43:50Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL defaultDataQuery String null
attribute NC_GLOBAL doi String https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/9bf4588c02d6caa12a68133134ed4489 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_bounds_crs String EPSG:4326
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs String EPSG:5831
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_lat_resolution String 0.00001 degree
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_lat_units String degree_north
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_lon_resolution String 0.00001 degree
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_lon_units String degree_east
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_vertical_positive String down
attribute NC_GLOBAL geospatial_vertical_units String EPSG:5831
attribute NC_GLOBAL history String local files
attribute NC_GLOBAL infoUrl String https://pal.lternet.edu/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL institution String National Science Foundation
attribute NC_GLOBAL keywords String birds, habitats, marine, Population Studies, populations, Signature, taxonomy
attribute NC_GLOBAL keywords_vocabulary String LTER Core Areas,LTER Controlled Vocabulary
attribute NC_GLOBAL license String All data contained herein is licensed under the LTER Network Data Access Policy (https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/) (external link). In accordance with scientific publishing conventions and professional etiquette, the consumer of these data (the \"Data User\") is expected to appropriately cite these data in any publication that results from their use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur and should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the data authors. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available \"as is.\" The Data User should be aware that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data.
attribute NC_GLOBAL license_link String https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL methods String General Methods: Samples were obtained in accordance with the CEMP Standard Methods (CCAMLR 1992), noting the following exceptions:  The procedure for determining the number of chicks raised per pair was modified so that the sample of monitored nests was distributed across several penguin colonies, as opposed to a single one.  This was done  to adequately  represent the rookery due to the extreme  differences in elevation and exposure exhibited by individual  colonies  and the nest sites they contain.  A different, random sample of nests is used each season.  The procedure for determining chick weights at fledging was modified so that only chicks that had been previously flipper banded were included in the sample; this provides an additional, fine scale measure of fledging chronology.  The procedure for determining the number of one and two chick broods is not one of the CEMP methods.\\n\\nThese censuses begin the day after the first day that chicks show evidence of creching, which in the Palmer area typically brackets the 5-9 Jan period.\\n\\nIn colonies where the number of active nests < 100, the entire colony is censused; where the number > 100, a 100 nest sample is used in a strip transect that is 5 nests wide and runs along the perimeter of the colony for a distance sufficient enough to obtain the sample.  Note that the \"date\" fields in the repro.dat files are based on a numerical sequence where 01 October = day 1 and 28 February = day 151.
attribute NC_GLOBAL naming_authority String edu.rutgers.rucool
attribute NC_GLOBAL product_version String 1.0
attribute NC_GLOBAL program String LTER
attribute NC_GLOBAL project String Palmer LTER
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_country String USA
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_email String kerfoot at marine.rutgers.edu
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_institution String Rutgers University
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_name String John Kerfoot
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_type String person
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_url String https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL references String https://pal.lternet.edu/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL sea_name String Southern Ocean
attribute NC_GLOBAL source String local files
attribute NC_GLOBAL sourceUrl String (local files)
attribute NC_GLOBAL standard_name_vocabulary String CF Standard Name Table v77
attribute NC_GLOBAL subsetVariables String study_name,island_name,colony_code
attribute NC_GLOBAL summary String Adelie penguin colony-specific chick production, 1991 - present. The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations.  Two hypotheses have guided this research, with one suggesting that population mean fitness is best explained by changes in regional krill biomass, and the other proposing that long-term changes in sea ice affects mean fitness by tipping the balance in favor of one species over another in accordance with species-specific evolved life history affinities to sea ice.  Although these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, current evidence in the PAL region tends to favor the latter over the former.  Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, while those of gentoo and chinstrap penguins have increased dramatically, trends that are spatially and temporally coherent with decreasing regional sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem.  In contrast, although krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends, and thus fail to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series.     \\n\\nThe PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred.  These are censused synoptically once a year to determine the total number of chicks produced in the area.  The optimal date for this census may vary by a few days each season, but ultimately tries to capture the week following the time when approximately 2/3 of the chicks have crèched.  The timing of this census is assisted by the REPRO data, which provide a daily to weekly rate of change in the number of crèched chicks.  Because the colonies used in this area-wide census are the same as those used to determine the overall annual breeding population, one of the key metrics obtained is an integrated number of breeding success (chicks crèched/breeding pair).  These data have provided valuable insights into the marine and terrestrial factors that influence Adélie penguin mean population fitness.  \\n
attribute NC_GLOBAL time_coverage_end String 2018-01-27T00:00:00Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL time_coverage_start String 1992-01-26T00:00:00Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL title String Adelie penguin colony-specific chick production, 1991, present.
variable study_name String
attribute study_name column_name String studyName
attribute study_name comment String Study Name
attribute study_name ioos_category String Unknown
attribute study_name long_name String Study
variable time double
attribute time _CoordinateAxisType String Time
attribute time actual_range double 6.96384E8, 1.5170112E9
attribute time axis String T
attribute time calendar String proleptic_gregorian
attribute time column_name String col_1338
attribute time comment String date in GMT
attribute time ioos_category String Time
attribute time long_name String Date GMT
attribute time lter_mscale String dateTime
attribute time source_name String date
attribute time standard_name String time
attribute time time_origin String 01-JAN-1970 00:00:00
attribute time units String seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
variable island_name String
attribute island_name column_name String col_1339
attribute island_name comment String abbreviated name of an island
attribute island_name ioos_category String Unknown
attribute island_name long_name String Island
attribute island_name lter_mscale String nominal
variable colony_code double
attribute colony_code _FillValue double NaN
attribute colony_code actual_range double 1.0, 23.1
attribute colony_code column_name String col_1340
attribute colony_code comment String code identifying an ecosystem colony, colony # refers to a colony on a specific island.
attribute colony_code ioos_category String Unknown
attribute colony_code long_name String Colony
attribute colony_code lter_mscale String nominal
variable num_breeding_pairs int
attribute num_breeding_pairs _FillValue int 2147483647
attribute num_breeding_pairs actual_range int 0, 386
attribute num_breeding_pairs column_name String col_1341
attribute num_breeding_pairs comment String penguin Breeding Pairs
attribute num_breeding_pairs ioos_category String Unknown
attribute num_breeding_pairs long_name String Adults
attribute num_breeding_pairs lter_mscale String ratio
attribute num_breeding_pairs lter_num_type String integer
attribute num_breeding_pairs lter_units_string String number
attribute num_breeding_pairs units_conventions String EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER
variable num_chicks int
attribute num_chicks _FillValue int 2147483647
attribute num_chicks actual_range int 0, 713
attribute num_chicks column_name String col_1342
attribute num_chicks comment String penguin Breeding Pairs
attribute num_chicks ioos_category String Unknown
attribute num_chicks long_name String Chicks
attribute num_chicks lter_mscale String ratio
attribute num_chicks lter_num_type String integer
attribute num_chicks lter_units_string String number
attribute num_chicks units_conventions String EML-2.0.1,EML-2.1.0,EML-LTER
variable census_time String
attribute census_time column_name String col_3857
attribute census_time comment String Greenwich Mean Time, a.k.a UTC
attribute census_time ioos_category String Time
attribute census_time long_name String Time GMT
attribute census_time lter_mscale String dateTime

 
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